VirusBank

import { encodeTool } from '/_js/functions.js'

FA = FileAttachment

// Load the toolbox
families = await FA("/families.json").json()
_toolbox = await FileAttachment("/toolbox/toolbox.json").json()
toolbox = _toolbox.map( tool => encodeTool(tool) )

// console.log(toolbox)

addEncodedTools = (virus) => {
  return ({ ... virus, tools: toolbox.flatMap( tool => virus[tool.encoded] ? tool.id : []) }) 
}

// Load all Newick tree file and create a dictionary `family -> tree`
nwks = await Promise.all(
  families.map(async (family) => { 
    let tree = await FA("/"+ family + "/tree.newick").text()
    return ({ family: family, nwk: tree })
  }))
nwksAsMap = Object.fromEntries(nwks.map( el => [el.family, el.nwk] ))

// console.log(nwks)

// Load annotations for viruses for each family
_annotations = await Promise.all(
  families.map( async (family) => {
    let xls = await FA("/"+ family + "/family.xlsx").xlsx()
    let _annotations = xls.sheet(0, { headers: true, range: ":L" })

    let _trimmed = _annotations.map( virus => {
      let trimmed = {}
      Object.keys(virus).forEach( key => {
        trimmed[key] = virus[key].trim()
      })
      return trimmed
    })

    return _trimmed.map( virus => ({... virus, family: family }) )
  }))

// console.log(_annotations)

// Add tools information, just the list of tools ids
annotations = _annotations
  .flat()
  .map( virus => addEncodedTools(virus) )

familyAnnotations = annotations
  .filter(virus => virus.family == virusFamily)

function virusInfo(_family, _virus) {
  const info = 
    familyAnnotations.filter(row => row.abbreviation == _virus && row.family == _family)
  return info[0]
}

// Handle grouped viruses by extending the model with isGroup: false/true
addGrouped = (virus) => {
  const isGroup = (typeof virus.group_abbreviation !== "undefined") && (virus.group_abbreviation !== "")
  const virus_pointer = (isGroup) ? virus.group_abbreviation : virus.abbreviation 
  return (
    { ... virus,
      isGroup: isGroup,
      virusPointer: virus_pointer,
      resVirusId: (isGroup) ? virus.group_abbreviation : virus.abbreviation,
      resAbbreviation: (isGroup) ? virus.group_abbreviation : virus.abbreviation,
      resVirusName: (isGroup) ? virus.group_virus_name : virus.virus_name 
    }
  )
}

// Create a list of all viruses of interest in the Excel file
// Add group information early on
annotatedViruses =
  familyAnnotations
    .filter(virus => virus.virus_of_interest == "Yes")
    .map(virus => addGrouped(virus))

// Create a sublist of viruses with toolbox
// Take into account groups by selecting unique entries
toolboxAnnotatedViruses =
  annotatedViruses
    .filter(virus => virus.availability_in_toolbox == "Yes")
    .filter((value, index, self) => {
      return self.findIndex(v => v.resAbbreviation === value.resAbbreviation) === index;
    })

// Derive a virus object from the ID
// The ID can be either a virus_id (from the ictv tree) or a group_abbreviation
virusIdToVirus = (virus_id) => {

  // lookup the virus_id in the full list of viruses
  const fullList =
    annotatedViruses
      .filter(v => v.virus_id.replace(/^'+|'+$/g, '') == virus_id || v.abbreviation == virus_id)
      //.filter(v => v.virus_id == virus_id || v.abbreviation == virus_id)

  // lookup the abbreviation for the group
  const groupList =
    toolboxAnnotatedViruses
      .filter(v => v.group_abbreviation == virus_id)

  if (fullList.length > 0) {
    return fullList[0]
  }
  if (groupList.length > 0) {
    return groupList[0]
  }
}

// Return all matches for a virus ID
virusIdToViruses = (virus_id) => {
  // lookup the virus_id in the full list of viruses
  const single_virus =
    annotatedViruses
      .filter(v => v.virus_id.replace(/^'+|'+$/g, '') == virus_id || v.abbreviation == virus_id)
      [0]

  if (single_virus.isGroup) {
    return annotatedViruses
      .filter(v => v.group_abbreviation == single_virus.group_abbreviation)
  } else {
    return [ single_virus ]
  }
}

function renderVirusToolbox(family, virus_id) {

  // First extract the virus object from the ID or abbreviation
  // This takes into account the groups
  const virus = virusIdToVirus(virus_id)

  if (typeof virus.tools !== "undefined" && virus.tools.length > 0) {
    return html`
      ${toolbox.filter(tool => virus.tools.includes(tool.id) ).map(tool => 
        html`
        <h2 id="${tool.id}-section">${tool.name}</h2>
        <div class="container grid">
          <div class="g-col-12 g-col-md-3 toolbox one-tool" style="text-align:center;">
            <div id="toolbox-contents" class="tool-container">
              <a href="/toolbox/index.html#${tool.id}-section">
                <div class="tool-wrapper">
                  <div id="${tool.id}" class="tool">
                    <div class="tool-tooltip-text">${tool.name}</div>
                    ${tool.icon.map( i =>
                    html`<img class="tool-icon" height="${(tool.icon.length > 1) ? 150/tool.icon.length : 100}%" src="${i}"/>`
                    )}
                  </div>
                </div>
              </a>
            </div>
          </div>
          <div class="g-col-12 g-col-md-9">
            <p>${tool.description}</p>
          </div>
          <div class="g-col-1" style="text-align:center;">
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="col-xs-12" style="height:20px;"></div>
        `
      )}
    `
  }
   else {
    return html`
      <p>&nbsp;</p>
    `
   }
}

import { virusInfoOrUndefinedF } from "/_js/functions.js"
import { availableVirusInfoF } from "/_js/functions.js"
import { availableToolsF } from "/_js/functions.js"
import { virusOfInterestF } from "/_js/functions.js"

  import {virusInfoOrUndefinedF as virusInfoOrUndefinedF} from "/_js/functions.js"

  import {availableVirusInfoF as availableVirusInfoF} from "/_js/functions.js"

  import {availableToolsF as availableToolsF} from "/_js/functions.js"

  import {virusOfInterestF as virusOfInterestF} from "/_js/functions.js"

// Initialize a container to contain the containers for the tree and annotation window
html`

<!-- Show information on hovered virus, reuse the same class for convenience -->
<div class="phylo-container">
  <!-- Left part -->
  <div class="left">
    <div id="info-container" class="text-center" style="visibility:hidden;">
        <div id="name" class="g-col-md-12 bold">
          name
        </div>
        <div id="toolbox" class="g-col-md-12">
          no tools yet for this virus
        </div>
    </div>
  </div>
  <!-- Right part -->
  <div id="annotation-container" class="right no-gutter">
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
  </div>
</div>

<div class="phylo-container">

  <!-- Left part -->
  <div class="left">
    <div id="tree-container" class="tree-container">
      <svg id="tree-svg" class="tree-svg"></svg>
    </div>
    <div id="legend-container" class="text-center mb-2">
      <div class="grid">
        <div class="g-col-md-12 small">
          <span class="phylotree-node-text" style="font-size:15px !important;">HOVER</span> for more information /
          <span class="phylotree-node-text-hl" style="font-size:15px !important;">BOLD NODES</span> are present in collection and can be selected 
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

  <!-- Right part -->
  <div id="annotation-container" class="right no-gutter">
    <div class="container grid small" align="center" style="--bs-gap: 1.0rem;font-weight:500;">
      <div class="g-col-md-12 g-col-sm-12 card card-body tool-header opacity-100" id="virus">
        Viral Toolbox
      </div>
    </div>
    <div class="container">
      <div class="toolbox">
          <div id="toolbox-contents" class="tool-container">
          </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>

</div>
`

name

no tools yet for this virus

HOVER for more information / BOLD NODES are present in collection and can be selected

Viral Toolbox

phylotree = await require("phylotree@1.1/dist/phylotree.js");

phylotree = Object {centerOfTree: ƒ(tree, power), clusterPicker: ƒ(tree, bootstrap_threshold, diameter_threshold, root_node, missing_bootstrap_value), computeMidpoint: ƒ(tree), extract_dates: ƒ(…), fitRootToTip: ƒ(tree), getDistanceMatrix: ƒ(seqs), inOrder: ƒ(node, callback, backtrack), leftChildRightSibling: ƒ(root), loadAnnotations: ƒ(tree, label, annotations), neighborJoining: ƒ(distanceMatrixArr, n, nodeList), pairwise_distances: ƒ(tree), parseAnnotations: ƒ(buf), parseFasta: ƒ(fastaData), phylopart: ƒ(tree, bootstrap_threshold, percentile_threshold, missing_bootstrap_value, resolution), phylotree: class, postOrder: ƒ(node, callback, backtrack), preOrder: ƒ(node, callback, backtrack), rootToTip: ƒ(tree), sackin: ƒ(tree)}

virusInfoOrUndefined = virusInfoOrUndefinedF(familyAnnotations)
availableVirusInfo = availableVirusInfoF(familyAnnotations)
availableTools = availableToolsF(familyAnnotations, toolbox)
virusOfInterest = virusOfInterestF(familyAnnotations)

// Initialize the toolbox when the data is loaded
init_toolbox =
  toolbox.map(tool =>
    d3.select("#toolbox-contents").node().append(
      html`
        <a href=${get_link("toolbox", "#" + tool.id + "-section")} target="_top">
          <div class="tool-wrapper">
            <div id="${tool.id}" class="tool">
              <div class="tool-tooltip-text">${tool.name}</div>
              ${tool.icon.map( i =>
              html`<img class="tool-icon" height="${(tool.icon.length > 1) ? 150/tool.icon.length : 100}%" src="${i}"/>`
              )}
            </div>
          </div>
        </a>
      `
    )
  )

// Reset the tools in the Toolbox
clearToolbox = () => {

  d3.select("#virus").text("Viral Toolbox")

  toolbox.map(tool => {
    d3.select("#" + tool.id).attr("class", "tool")
  })
}

// Update the tools in the toolbox based on the provided virus object
updateToolbox = (virus) => {

  d3.select("#virus").text(virus.resVirusName)
  toolbox
    .filter(tool => virus.tools.includes(tool.id))
    .map(tool =>
      d3.select("#" + tool.id).attr("class", "tool tool-selected")
    )
}

// Handle tabset depending on the number of tabs
rawTabs = d3.select("#vb-tabset").select("ul").selectAll("li").select("a").nodes()
nrTabs = rawTabs.length

function indexToTab(i, length) {
  const pre = "tabset-" + (length + 1) + "-"
  const post = "-tab"
  return pre + (i+1) + post
}
 
tabsetAnchor = indexToTab(0, nrTabs)

virusIdToTabMap = new Map(
  toolboxAnnotatedViruses
    .map( (virus,i) => [ virus.resAbbreviation, indexToTab(i, nrTabs) ] )
)

tabToVirusIdMap = new Map(
  Array.from(virusIdToTabMap, a => a.reverse())
)

// Hide virus information tabset
function hideTabset() {
  const virusInfo = document.getElementById(tabsetAnchor).parentNode.parentNode.parentNode
  virusInfo.style.display = "none"
}

hide = hideTabset()

// Instantiate tree
nwk = nwksAsMap[virusFamily]
tree = new phylotree.phylotree(nwk)   // class Phylotree
                                      // https://github.com/veg/phylotree.js/blob/master/src/main.js#L90

// import { update_tree } from "/_js/functions.js"

renderedTree = tree
  // Transform the tree (translate and prune)
  // based on the input Excel file for this virus family
  .traverse_and_compute(node => {

    const virus_id = node.data.name
    const isLeaf = tree.isLeafNode(node)

    if (isLeaf) {
      const virus = virusIdToVirus(virus_id)
      const isVirusOfInterest = (typeof virus !== "undefined") ? (virus.virus_of_interest == "Yes") : false
      if (isVirusOfInterest) {
        const currentName = virus_id
        const newName = virus.abbreviation.trim()
        node.data.name = newName
      } else {
        node.data.name = "remove_me"
        tree.deleteANode(node)
      }
    } 
  })
  .render({
    'width': 600,
    'height': 600,
    'left-right-spacing':  'fit-to-size',
    'top-bottom-spacing':  'fit-to-size',
    'is-radial':          true,
    'selectable':         false,
    'collapsible':        false,
    'transitions' :       false,
    'show-menu':          false,
    'show-scale':         false,
    'align-tips':         true,
    'zoom':               false,
    'brush':              false,
    'draw-size-bubbles':  false,
    'maximum-per-node-spacing': 500,
    'minimum-per-node-spacing': 100,
    'maximum-per-level-spacing': 500,
    'minimum-per-level-spacing': 100,
    'container': "#tree-container"
  })
  .style_nodes( (element, data) => {
    // the virus_id is how the virus is encoded in phylotree newick file
    const virus_id = data.data.name  
    
    // At this stage in the process, every node should have information
    const information = virusIdToVirus(virus_id) // virusInfoOrUndefined(virus_id)

    const inToolbox = (typeof information !== "undefined") && (information.availability_in_toolbox == "Yes")

    // Styling based on available information
    const updtElement1 =
      information 
        ? element.select("text").attr("class", "phylotree-node-text")
        : element.select("text").attr("class", "phylotree-node-text-inactive")
    const updtElement = inToolbox ? element.select("text").attr("class", "phylotree-node-text-hl") : element

    // Hover functionality - Virus name
    if (information)
      element
        .on("mouseover", virusHoverIn(data, information, inToolbox))
        .on("mouseout", virusHoverOut)
 
    // Click functionality - Toolbox
    inToolbox
      ? element.on('click', function(el) {
          clearToolbox();
          // Select the first tab in order to get to the root of the tabset
          const virusInfo = document.getElementById(tabsetAnchor).parentNode.parentNode.parentNode
          virusInfo.style.display = "block"
          virusInfo.scrollIntoView(true)
          // Now get the proper tab and open it
          const thisVirusInfo = document.getElementById(virusIdToTabMap.get(information.virusPointer))  // either the virus_id or the group abbreviation
          thisVirusInfo.click();

          // Experiments
          clearNodes()
          highlightNodes(virus_id)

          // Render the toolbox for this virus
          updateToolbox(information);
        })
      : element.on('click', function() {
          hideTabset()
          clearToolbox()
        })

  })
  .layout(true)

// Based on a virus ID (abbreviation), highlight the virus or the whole group it belongs to
highlightNodes = (virus_id) => {
  const abbreviations = virusIdToViruses(virus_id).map(v => v.abbreviation)

  d3.selectAll("g")
    .filter(function (d) { return (typeof d.data !== "undefined") ? abbreviations.includes(d.data.name) : false})
    .select("text").attr("class", "phylotree-node-text-selected")

}

// Initialize all viruses in the tree
clearNodes = () => {
  const inLst = annotatedViruses.map(v => v.abbreviation)
  const inToolboxLst = annotatedViruses.filter(v => v.availability_in_toolbox == "Yes").map(v => v.abbreviation)

  // Initialize all text
  d3.selectAll("g")
    .filter(function (d) { return (typeof d.data !== "undefined") })
    .select("text").attr("class", "phylotree-node-text")

  // Update toolbox entries
  d3.selectAll("g")
    .filter(function (d) { return (typeof d.data !== "undefined") ? inToolboxLst.includes(d.data.name) : false})
    .select("text").attr("class", "phylotree-node-text-hl")
}

// console.log(renderedTree)

showTree = renderedTree
  .svg
  .node()

// Show small virus information box on hover
virusHoverIn = (data, information, is_available) => () => {
  // First, populate the content
  const virusNameToShow =
    (information.resVirusName)
      ? information.resVirusName
      : (typeof information.virus_name !== "undefined")
        ? information.virus_name
        : ""
  d3.select("#name").text(virusNameToShow)
  if (information.tools.length > 0)
    d3.select("#toolbox").text("Viral tools are available, please select the virus for more information")
  else
     d3.select("#toolbox").text("No viral tools have been developed yet")
  // ... then show the content
  d3.select("#info-container").attr("style", "visibility:visible;")
}

virusHoverOut = () => {
  d3.select("#info-container").attr("style", "visibility:hidden;")
}

// Clicking on the tabs feeds the info back to the toolbox info
feedbackToolbox = d3.selectAll(".nav-item")
  .on('click', function(){
    const _id = d3.select(this).select("a").attr('id')
    const _virus_id = tabToVirusIdMap.get(_id)
    // We should only update the toolbox if an actual virus is selected
    // not if for instance the 'toolbox' tab is selected
    if (typeof _virus_id !== "undefined") {
      const _virus = virusIdToVirus(_virus_id)
      clearToolbox();
      updateToolbox(_virus)
      clearNodes()
      highlightNodes(_virus_id)
    }
  })
     
// Add SVG to the DOM
tmp = d3.select("#tree-container").node().appendChild(showTree)

// If the size of the SVG is smaller than the allocated 600px
// then resize it relatively to the fraction
// Allow for a bit of padding, hence the .95 factor.
newSizeF = (curSize) => {
    if (curSize < 600) {
      return 600 * (0.95 * 600 / curSize)
    } else {
        return curSize
    }
  }

newSize = newSizeF(renderedTree.size[0])
updateSize = renderedTree.set_size([newSize,newSize]).update()

virusInfoOrUndefined = ƒ(virus_id)

availableVirusInfo = ƒ(virus_id)

availableTools = ƒ(virus_id)

virusOfInterest = ƒ(virus_id)

init_toolbox = Array(6) [undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined, undefined]

clearToolbox = ƒ()

updateToolbox = ƒ(virus)

rawTabs = Array(7) [HTMLAnchorElement, HTMLAnchorElement, HTMLAnchorElement, HTMLAnchorElement, HTMLAnchorElement, HTMLAnchorElement, HTMLAnchorElement]

nrTabs = 7

indexToTab = ƒ(i, length)

tabsetAnchor = "tabset-8-1-tab"

virusIdToTabMap = Map(7) {"USUV" => "tabset-8-1-tab", "ZIKV" => "tabset-8-2-tab", "WNV" => "tabset-8-3-tab", "JEV" => "tabset-8-4-tab", "DENV" => "tabset-8-5-tab", "TBEV" => "tabset-8-6-tab", "YFV" => "tabset-8-7-tab"}

tabToVirusIdMap = Map(7) {"tabset-8-1-tab" => "USUV", "tabset-8-2-tab" => "ZIKV", "tabset-8-3-tab" => "WNV", "tabset-8-4-tab" => "JEV", "tabset-8-5-tab" => "DENV", "tabset-8-6-tab" => "TBEV", "tabset-8-7-tab" => "YFV"}

hideTabset = ƒ()

hide = undefined

nwk = 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Studies suggest that USUV is asymptomatic or associated with mild symptoms in most cases.

Symptoms is usually characterized by moderate fever, sometimes associated with rash and febrile jaundice.

Complication of encephalitis and meningitis were reported in patients.

Distribution of USUV in Europe and Africa. Data reported at Josephine Schoenenwald, A. K., Pletzer, M., & Skern, T. (2020). Structural and antigenic investigation of Usutu virus envelope protein domain III. Virology, 551, 46–57.

First isolated in 1959 at Usutu River, Swaziland.

There have been several reported outbreaks of USUV over the past two decades in blackbird populations across Europe.

It were reported more than a hundred cases of acute human infection, mainly in Europe, with 18 deaths associated with the diseases in 2021-22.

Molecular studies suggests a silent spread of this virus among asymptomatic humans.

The human cases reported in Europe were concomitant with an epizootic outbreak .

Zoonotic potential risk to increase the numbers of human cases.

There are no approved vaccines or antivirals available at the moment for the prevention or treatment of USUV infection.

renderVirusToolbox("flaviviruses", "USUV")

Cell-based assays

CPE reduction assay

This antiviral assay measures the ability of a tested compound to protect infected cells from virus-induced cytopathic effects (mostly virus-induced cell death). The cell viability can be determined in a colorimetric assay using MTS/PMS method.

Virus yield assay

This antiviral assay measures the ability of a tested compound to inhibit the viral replication in an infected cell culture through quantifying the viral RNA and the infectious virus loads released in the supernatant. This assay can be used for validation of compounds that show efficacy in CPE-reduction assays and to confirm that the compounds have direct effect on viral replication (not only cytoprotective).

Delay of treatment assay (Time-of-addition)

This a test to determine the stage(s) of the viral replication cycle at which the compound exerts its antiviral effect. Briefly, cells are treated with the compound at different time points prior or after the infection with the virus then cells are incubated for example until the end of one or 2 replication cycles. At the end of incubation, the intracellular and extracellular viral RNA loads at each time point are quantified by qRT-PCR to determine at which stage(s) the compound is still effective and when it loses its antiviral efficacy.

Plaque assay

This assay is a standard method to quantify infectious virus titers in a sample. Briefly, the test sample is serially diluted then aliquot of each dilution is added to a well in a cell culture plate with incubation to allow virus attachment followed by removal of the viral input and adding overlay of agarose or similar viscous material that limit the spread of viral infection. Under this condition, the attached virion will start to replicate producing more virions that will kill surrounding cells to generate a hole or plaque in the cell monolayer. By removal of the overlay and staining the live cells for e.g. by Crystal violet or methylene blue, this will provide a dark background for clear visualization of plaques. By counting the plaques at certain dilution(s), the plaque forming units (PFU)/mL can be calculated.

High-throughput screening

High throughput screening (HTS)

HTS is an approach in antiviral drug discovery involving the use of automated equipment to rapidly test huge libraries of chemical or biological materials with the aim of identifying hit molecules against specific viruses. HTS is usually done in culture plates with 384 or 1536 wells format using high performance liquid/plate handling devices.

Animal infection models

Rodent models

Rodent models such as mice, rats and hamsters have been widely used to study viral infections. Such models allow to study host response and pathogenicity for wide variety of viruses. Moreover, these models are beneficial to assess the preclinical efficacy and safety of potential antivirals identified in cell culture assays.

Zebrafish models

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are optically-transparent tropical freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae that are widely used as vertebrate models of disease. They have remarkable genetic, physiologic and pharmacologic similarities to humans. Compared to rodents, the maintenance and husbandry costs are very low. Interestingly, zebrafish larvae have been shown to be susceptible to infection with some human viruses (herpes simplex virus type 1, influenza A virus, and chikungunya virus, human norovirus). Therefore, such a model can be used to study the pathogenesis as well as test antiviral drugs for specific human viruses in higher capacity and less cost compared to rodent models.

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Zika virus infections are usually asymptomatic, but when symptoms do occur, they commonly include fever, joint pain, red eyes, headache, and a maculopapular rash.

The disease has been associated with Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Complication in pregnant woman include microcephaly and other brain malformations.

Data reported from 2022 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information

ZIKV was first isolated in Africa, 1947.

2013 Outbreak in Americas, French Polynesia associate Guillain-Barre syndrome , defect birth , microcephaly.

Include in the Blueprint priority diseases of WHO.

2018 and 2019 number of cases decline, although cases of ZIKV persists at low levels in several countries.

In 2022 was reported 3000 cases, and 4 ZIKV-related deaths.

There are no approved vaccines or antivirals available at the moment for the prevention or treatment ZIKV infection.

renderVirusToolbox("flaviviruses", "ZIKV")

Cell-based assays

CPE reduction assay

Virus yield assay

Delay of treatment assay (Time-of-addition)

Plaque assay

High-throughput screening

High throughput screening (HTS)

Recombinant viruses

Reverse genetic system

A reverse genetic system is mostly a plasmid-based system that can be used to insert the desired mutations in the viral genome to study the effect of these mutations on viral replication, virulence, sensitivity to antiviral compounds in vitro and in vivo.

Reporter viruses

Reporter viruses are recombinant viruses engineered to carry reporter genes such as the one coding for fluorescent or luminescent proteins for development of high throughput antiviral assays or easily detection method for in vivo replication.

Animal infection models

Rodent models

Zebrafish models

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80% of infected people are no reported and asymptomatic.

20% of syntomic people showed mild symptoms, referee as West Nile fever (WNF).

1 in 150 people developed the encephalitis or meningitis.

Historical distribution of WNV in world: Data reported at Reisen, W. (2013). Ecology of West Nile Virus in North America. Viruses, 5(9), 2079–2105. West Nile transmission in Humans in Europe 2022, from European centre for disease prevention and Control. ECDC, 2023.

Causes the fatal neurological disease in humans.

Leading of cause of mosquito-borne disease in USA.

In 2018-2020 has cause massive outbreaks in Europe.

In US, in 2021 was reported 2,445 cases of WNV humans, and there were 165 (6.8%) confirmed deaths.

There are no approved vaccines in humans, only in horses. There is no antivirals available at the moment for the prevention or treatment of West Nile infection.

renderVirusToolbox("flaviviruses", "WNV")

Cell-based assays

CPE reduction assay

Virus yield assay

Delay of treatment assay (Time-of-addition)

Plaque assay

Animal infection models

Rodent models

Zebrafish models

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Most of the cases are asymptomatic or with mild symptoms (Headache, fever, and myalgia).

Newborns and children up to the age of 15 years are more vulnerable to JE with the increased threat of neurological complications over adult.

High mortality rate, who survives, 20-30% suffer permanent neurologic sequels.

JEV distribution on Asia. Data reported from 2023 at Centers for disease control and prevention. CDC, cdc.gov/japaneseencephalitis/maps/index.html

According with WHO, in 2019 were reporter almost 68,000 cases of JE with 20-30 % mortality rate.

2 millions people living in endemic countries with JEV, Sporadic outbreaks in the Western Pacific and northern Australia are also observed. Recently outbreak was observed in southern Australia 2022.

The major causes of viral encephalitis in Asia.

There are approved vaccine use as pre-travel precaution in endemic countries, where multiple doses of vaccine are recommended. Although large-scale vaccination of susceptible population must be implemented.

There is any antivirals available at the moment for the prevention or treatment of JE infection.

renderVirusToolbox("flaviviruses", "JEV")

Cell-based assays

CPE reduction assay

Virus yield assay

Delay of treatment assay (Time-of-addition)

Plaque assay

Recombinant viruses

Reverse genetic system

Reporter viruses

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The infections can cause wide of range symptoms.

The incubation time may the disease appear asymptomatic or mild.

Dengue fever (DF) is referring the mild acute febrile illness.

Critical phase refers the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), characterized with usual vascular permeability and internal bleeding which may leads to hypovolemic shock, known as dengue shock syndrome (DSS).

Infection can lead to different level of seriousness depending on the virus serotypes and previous exposure with the virus.

The initial phase with no-specific like flu symptoms.

20-30% of infected patient evolute for neurological complication, such as encephalitis, meningitis or meningoencephalitis and or myelitis.

20% of cases can develop long term neurological and psychological sequalae.

Distribution of Dengue cases notified globally from 2022- 2023. Data from European centre for disease prevention and Control. ECDC, 2023, ecdc.europa.eu/en/. 2023.

It is the most common mosquito borne disease which causes up to about 100-400 millions of cases per year globally and ~20000 deaths annually.

The distribution of epidemic showed that outbreaks is happening all over the world.

There 4 serotype of DENV, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. The co-circulation of multiple dengue serotypes in endemic area is common and increase the change of people developing severe manifestations such as DHF/DSS.

There are available two license vaccines, Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) and Denvax® (TAK003). Dengvaxia, only licensed for use in the prevention of all dengue serotypes in individuals aged 9–45 years in persons previously confirmed to have had dengue. And TAK-003 has the potential to be used for travelers to endemic areas regardless of serostatus, but still under investigation.

There is no approved antiviral.

renderVirusToolbox("flaviviruses", "DENV")

Cell-based assays

CPE reduction assay

Virus yield assay

Delay of treatment assay (Time-of-addition)

Plaque assay

High-throughput screening

High throughput screening (HTS)

Recombinant viruses

Reverse genetic system

Reporter viruses

Animal infection models

Rodent models

Zebrafish models

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Over 70% of infectious are asymptomatic.

Infectious can progress in two phases, the initial phase and a secondary phase with neurological complications.

The initial phase with no-specific like flu symptoms.

20-30% of infected patient evolute for neurological complication, such as encephalitis, meningitis or meningoencephalitis and or myelitis.

20% of cases can develop long term neurological and psychological sequalae.

TBEV distribution on Europe and Asia. Data reported from 2022 at Centers for disease control and prevention. CDC.cdc.gov/tick-borne-encephalitis/geographic-distribution/index.html

The most important zoonotic central nervous system (CNS) diseases in human in Europe and Asia. 10,000 to 15,000 cases were reported per year.

New endemic areas are resurging each year. The countries with highest incidence of disease are Lithuania, Slovenia, Czech Republic and Latvia.

An increase of cases has been observed in endemic areas but also the occurrence of sporadic cases in no-endemic areas. 2020 has the highest increase of the disease compared the previous three years.

2% of cases can lead to a fatal outcome.

There are two vaccines licensed and available in Europe and recommended for individuals living, working or traveling within TBE-endemic Although clear guidelines for TBE vaccination are in place, compliance by individuals/healthcare providers is not known.

Currently, there is no approved antiviral treatment or prevention of TBEV infections in humans.

The toolbox for this virus is currently in development. Please contact us via info@virusbankplatform.be for more information.

renderVirusToolbox("flaviviruses", "TBEV")

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YFV infection exhibits a broad spectrum of clinical presentations. Some individuals experienced a self-limited or mild febrile illness and a significant portion progress to severe manifestation, including complication of severe hemorrhage and liver diseases.

Among those who developed several diseases 30-60% dies.

Data reported at: Reno, E., Quan, N. G., Franco-Paredes, C., Chastain, D. B., Chauhan, L., Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., & Henao-Martínez, A. F. (2020). Prevention of yellow fever in travellers: an update. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(6), e129–e137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30170-5

Yellow fever virus is estimated to cause 200,000 cases of disease and 30,000 deaths each year, with 90% occurring in Africa.

40 countries are considered endemic and at high-risk for YF outbreaks.

The vaccine from Sanofi Pauster (YF-VAX) is available, the vaccination coverage remains inadequate in endemic areas, especially during outbreaks.

There is any antiviral available to support on the treatment.

renderVirusToolbox("flaviviruses", "YFV")

Cell-based assays

CPE reduction assay

Virus yield assay

Delay of treatment assay (Time-of-addition)

Plaque assay

High-throughput screening

High throughput screening (HTS)

Recombinant viruses

Reverse genetic system

Reporter viruses

Animal infection models

Rodent models

Zebrafish models

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